What is a class hazard class of building materials

In the field of architecture and construction, knowing the hazard class of building materials is essential to guaranteeing the longevity and safety of structures. The classification of hazard classes aids in determining the degree of fire risk connected to various building facade materials.

Based on their characteristics of combustibility and flammability, materials are categorized into hazard classes. Architects, engineers, and builders can use this classification system to help them decide which materials are best for different exterior building sections.

The usual hierarchy of hazard classes is Class A to Class F, where Class A materials are the least flammable and Class F materials have the highest risk of burning. Specific standards for heat release, smoke production, and flame spread are applied to each class and are tested and assessed in accordance with established procedures.

Class	Hazard Level
Class A	Non-combustible materials like steel, concrete
Class B	Combustible materials with low fire risk
Class C	Combustible materials with moderate fire risk
Class D	Materials that ignite easily, such as wood

Determination of the class on the combustibility of substances and products

Special methods are available to determine substances and products by class G4-G1. They examine the compositions for fire from the source and spontaneous combustion, as well as the computation’s ability to keep the flame going. Since the chamber is used for testing, the following parameters are established through experimentation:

• smoke temperature;
• deformation level;
• How much time does the material burn on its own.

The intact portion, or the portion of the entire volume that was not burned or scorched, is calculated following the seizure of the samples from the camera. Up to one centimeter is rounded off in the results. Calculations do not take into account flaws like warping, roughness, swelling, chips, carbonization, or color changes. Weighing the intact portion requires scales with a minimum 1% accuracy. The photo report and other reporting materials contain all of the results. A report is created when it is determined that the product’s features don’t match the facility’s safety regulations.

How to determine the class of fire hazard

How can one ascertain which building’s fire hazard class it is? Requirements for the fire safety of various types and purposes of buildings and structures are found in SNiP 21-01-97. The use of the spaces and the possibility of a threat to the people’s health and safety are taken into consideration when dividing the premises.

As a result, for instance, there is a significant risk to people in the event of an emergency in a nursing home because, in the event of a fire, residents are frequently rendered defenseless and must be promptly evacuated to the street. High standards for fire safety are applied to offices, shopping malls, hospitals, and kindergartens, among other establishments. P. The project declaration installs the fire hazard class to the object

The project declaration installs the fire hazard class on the object.

Five levels of fire hazard exist:

• The F1 class includes buildings in which people constantly stay: hotels, kindergartens, dormitories, hospitals, nursing homes.
• Class F2: premises where mass events are held (theaters, cinemas, sports complexes, concert halls, museums, etc.P.).
• Class F3 – places where the population is served: shops, restaurants and cafes, clinics, banks, mail, etc.P.
• F4 – buildings of educational institutions, state authorities, fire depots, archives, warehouses, etc.P.

Production workshops and warehouses fall under category F5, provided they are housed in buildings F1–F4. For instance, F5 owns the warehouse in the assisted living facility (F1). Every class has different requirements for building equipment. As a result, all kindergartens, schools, and hospitals need to have two escape routes, with a fire door placed in each evacuation aperture.

Classes of constructive fire hazard

How can the building and structure’s constructive fire hazard class be determined? There is a similar classification in SNiP 21-01-97. Just four classes—C0, C1, C2, and C3. The kind of columns, walls, ceilings, partitions, and staircases determines them.

Therefore, all of the walls and other components in the class C0 rooms are composed of non-combustible materials. They won’t be able to identify dangerous materials in the event of a fire and won’t ignite. C1 buildings are made of challenging materials. C2 buildings use materials that are flammable.

There are no unique demands made on the premises of C4.

Class of building materials and structures with a fire hazard:

• K0, K1, K2, K3- respectively, non-hazardous, low, moderately and fire hazardous. For buildings of class C0, non -combustible materials K0 are used.
• In buildings C1, small K1 materials for load -bearing walls and partitions are used; non -combustible K0 – for floors and fire barriers, moderately combustible K2 – for external walls. The full table of the ratio of classes must be watched in building standards and rules.

Fire hazard category

Five categories of hazards are listed for industrial and technical buildings (class F5) in the technical regulation on fire safety.

These fall into the following categories: elevated explosion, explosive structures, fire-hazardous structures and rooms, somewhat fire-hazardous structures, and, lastly, structures with a decreased fire hazard. Class F1–F4 buildings do not have them installed.

The structure of the building, the materials found there, and the characteristics of the manufacturing process all influence the fire hazard category.

Fireproof doors from the manufacturer

The manufacturer "Doors Thor" sells fire-fighting doors for buildings with varying classes of hazard. The fire resistance of every door is limited to 60 minutes.

They will offer dependable defense against smoke and fire penetration to the property. The products come with all the required fittings and are constructed from premium steel.

Low thermal conductivity, high-density izobel basalt plate is used to fill the doors. The substance is secure and long-lasting.

The designs come with a refractory lock, an anti-dummy seal, and a thermoactive ribbon. Products are given out certificates. It is also feasible for the company to install fire doors. The business is licensed to perform this kind of work. Doors are installed and ordered in a way that complies with all legal requirements.

Natural properties of materials

The primary determinant of a material’s fire hazard is the raw material used in its production. They can be categorized into three major groups based on this: inorganic, organic, and mixed. Let’s take a closer look at each of their characteristics, beginning with the inorganic mineral materials that, when combined with metal frameworks, form the rigid framework that forms the bases of contemporary structures.

The most popular mineral building materials are glass, asbestos, ceramics, concrete, brick, and natural stone, among others. D. They are related to non-flammable (NG), but even a small addition of organic materials or polymers (no more than 5–10% of the mass) alters their characteristics. The risk of fire rises, and they fall into the hard-to-combers category from NG.

Products made of polymers, which are flammable and inorganic materials, have proliferated in recent years. In addition, the volume and chemical makeup of the polymer determine whether a given material falls into the combustibility group. Reactoplasts, which are composed of non-combustible materials and create a protective layer against high temperatures to prevent combustion, and thermoplasts, which melt without forming a heat-protective layer, are the two main categories of polymer compounds that are distinguished.

Building materials made of polymers, regardless of type, cannot be made to become non-combustible, but their fire risk can be decreased. Antipypees, a variety of compounds that help to increase fire resistance, are used for this. Three sizable categories comprise antipyrene for polymeric materials.

The first group consists of materials that interact chemically with the polymer. Reactoplasts are the primary application for these antipyrenes, as they do not degrade. When exposed to flames, the second class of antipyrene—intestacent additives—forms a layer of foamed cell coke on the material’s surface, preventing burning. Substances that mechanically mix with the polymer comprise the third group. Reactoplasts, elastomers, and thermoplasts are used to lessen combustibility.

Out of all organic materials, wood and its derivatives—wood and chipboard, wood-fibrous slabs, plywood, etc.—were most frequently used in the construction of modern buildings. All organic materials are combustible, and the addition of different polymers makes them more flammable. Paints and varnishes, for instance, not only make materials more flammable, but they also accelerate the spread of flames across surfaces, produce more smoke, and are more toxic. In this instance, additional harmful compounds are added to carbon monoxide (CO), the primary byproduct of burning organic materials.

Antipyrens are applied to organic building materials, such as polymer substances, to lessen their fire hazard. When antipyrene is applied to the surface and temperatures rise, it may produce non-combustible gas or foam. In both situations, they obstruct oxygen intake, which inhibits the spread of fire and the ignition of wood. Antipyrens that work well include diammonium fosphate and a solution of sodium phosphate and ammonium sulfate.

Both organic and inorganic raw materials make up mixed materials. These kinds of construction products are typically not classified in a different category; instead, they fall into one of the earlier groups based on the predominant raw material. For instance, bitumen is regarded as inorganic, whereas fibrilite—a mixture of cement and wood fibers—is considered organic. The mixed variety typically falls under the category of combustible goods.

The need for a complex of fire measures is dictated by increased fire safety requirements for high-rise buildings and large shopping, entertainment, and office centers. The widespread use of non-combustible and slowly growing materials is one of the most significant. This is particularly true for the building’s roofs, load-bearing and enclosing structures, and decorative materials used for evacuation routes. Finishing, facing, roofing, waterproofing, heat-insulating, and flooring materials are all required to undergo mandatory fire safety certification, as per NPB 244-97 classification. Think about the fire hazard categories listed here.

Application in construction

The combustibility group of every substance and material used in construction must be verified by specialized certificates. All materials—constructive, finishing, roofing, and isolation—must meet this requirement, regardless of variations in application technique, intended use, and anticipated loads.

Legislation defines the requirements for the majority of the materials used. For example, only materials with the classification feature of G1 or NG may be used for the framework of building ceilings, and low-powered and moderate-fingered buildings are not allowed to use external cladding made of combustible materials. Additionally, the G4 group’s materials are utilized in construction, but doing so necessitates adhering to extra fire safety precautions.

Crucial! The spread of covert burning in any kind of building structure is intolerable! This implies that it is not permitted to continuously use combustible materials unbroken from products falling under the NG and G1 categories.

Additionally, it should be remembered that building materials should not be viewed in isolation, but rather in conjunction with other items and substances. For instance, wallpaper classified as NG will not inherently be fire-resistant; however, if it is adhered to a wall panel with a high level of combustibility, it will become quite "fuel" material.

Building materials: classification according to the indicator by

Establishing a class of building materials used in the construction of a building is essential, in addition to assessing the fire hazard of building structures and elements. The following characteristics are used to categorize building materials’ fire hazards:

• degree of combustibility;
• the degree of ignorance;
• the ability and speed of the spread of fire over the surface;
• degree of smoke -forming ability;
• combustion toxicity level.

Building materials’ combustibility is defined by GOST 30244-94 and can be categorized into the following categories:

• combustible (d): weakly combustible (G1), moderately combustible (G2), normally combustible (G3), very combustible (G4);
• non -combustible (NG): These include materials that have an increase in temperature during burning not more than 50 ° C, and weight loss occurs at a level of not more than 50 %. The duration of stable flame combustion occurs no longer than 10 seconds.

According to GOST 30402-96, the following categories of building materials are classified based on how ignorant they are:

• difficult to ignite (B1);
• moderately ignited (B2);
• Easy flammable (B3).

GOST R 51032-97, or GOST 30444 Combustible building materials are categorized into these groups based on their potential to spread fire quickly and widely across the surface.

• non -distributing (RP1);
• weakly distributing (RP2);
• moderately distributing (RP3);
• strongly distributing (RP4).

Building materials are categorized according to GOST 12.1.044 based on their capacity to form smoke. These materials are further classified into the following groups based on the coefficient of smoke formation:

• Materials with low smoke -forming ability (D1);
• Materials with moderate smoke -forming ability (D2);
• Materials with high smoke -forming capacity (D3).

The toxicity of combustion of combustible building materials is also characterized by GOST 12.1.044:

• Little dangerous (T1);
• moderately dangerous (T2);
• Highly dangerous (T3);
• Extremely dangerous (T4).

Influence on the choice of building materials

The classification of fire resistance and the choice of building materials are influenced by the definition of the required class. The safety of people and their protection in the event of a fire come first. All phases, from the project to the building’s construction and operation, should consider the fire requirements. This will obliquely aid in the creation of an evacuation strategy, human rescue, and material values.

For example, non-combustible materials should be used during construction to provide fire hazard class K0 for buildings meant for public institutions that correspond to functional in F1.1.

Standards and standards

What criteria should we use to categorize our objects?

And how to use the most recent standards to identify the fire hazard class of a property?

Let’s examine the principal clauses.

• GOST 30403-2012. Interethnic standard. Tells how to determine the fire hazard class of building structures. Defines test samples, preparation procedure, assessment of test results. The classes themselves from K0 to K3 are given in table 1.
• FZ-123. Table 3 of this law presents classes of materials for construction and decoration when fire at various facilities (km0 km5). The category of software is determined by Article 27.
• SP 112.13330.2011, GOST R 57270-2016, GOST R 51032-97. Describe the requirements for the evacuation routes during fire.
• PUE. The premises are categorized here, according to substances contained. Fire hazard class according to PUE contains 4 groups.
• SP 12.13130.2009. Gives methods for calculating the explosion and fire hazard of the premises, structure, external construction.
• FZ-69. Fundamentals of ensuring PB.
• Order from 05.07.2011 No. 287 Forestry Agencies (Appendices 1, 2). Defines the classification of natural forests.
• NPB 105-03. Sets the fire hazard class of the room, structure, outer installation.

There are more strategies and tools available to fight fire thanks to this precise classification.

Enables you to select fire automation systems and devices correctly.

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Federal Law of 22.07.2008 N 123-ФЗ (ed. from 03.07.2024) “Technical regulation on fire safety requirements”

Article 32: Functional fire hazard classification of buildings, structures, and fire compartments

(in Ed. Federal, p. 117-ΧЗ, July 10, 2012)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

1. Buildings (structures, fire compartments, and portions of buildings, structures – locations or clusters of rooms functionally connected) fall under the functional fire hazard category based on their intended use, as well as the building’s age, physical state, and population density. When they are sleeping, they can do the following:

(in Ed. Federal, p. 117-ΧЗ, July 10, 2012)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

1) F1 – structures meant for both temporary and permanent habitation, such as:

A) f1.1 – preschool educational organization buildings, nursing homes for the elderly and disabled (not breeding), hospitals, educational organization sleeping buildings that house boarding schools and children’s organizations;

(paragraphs "A" in N 185-ЧЗ Federal from July 2, 2013)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

B) f1.2 – lodging establishments such as motels, boarding houses, campgrounds, hostels, sanatorium sleeping buildings, and general recreation houses;

C) f1.3 – residential structures;

D) f1.4 – residential single-unit buildings, including those that are blocked;

2) F2-buildings of remarkable cultural and educational establishments, such as:

A) f2.1 – theaters, movie theaters, music halls, clubs, circuses, stadiums for sporting events, libraries, and other establishments with a set amount of seats available for guests in enclosed spaces;

B) f2.2 – museums, galleries, dance theaters, and other establishments of a like nature housed in closed spaces;

C) f2.3 – outside buildings of the institutions mentioned in this paragraph;

D) f2.4 – outdoor buildings of the institutions mentioned in this paragraph;

3) F3: Structures housing population-serving organizations, such as:

A) f3.1 – Trade organization buildings;

B) f3.2 – structures belonging to catering companies;

D) f3.4 – outpatient and clinic settings;

E) f3.5-visitor premises for utilities and households with an undetermined number of visitor seats;

E) F3.6: Physical education and health complexes, as well as sports facilities, without spectator stands, residential buildings, or baths;

4) F4 – structures belonging to academic institutions, research and design centers, and institutional management bodies, such as:

(in Ed. Federal dated July 2, 2013; N 185-ΧΗ)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

A) F4.1-Educational organization buildings, child enrichment organizations, and professional education organizations;

(paragraphs "A" in N 185-ЧЗ Federal from July 2, 2013)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

B) f4.2 – structures housing organizations for further vocational education and higher education;

(paragraphs "B" in the Federal Edition dated July 2, 2013 N 185-ΧΗ)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

C) f4.3-management body buildings, design firms, editorial and informational organizations, scientific organizations, banks, offices, and offices;

D) f4.4 – fire depot buildings;

5) F5: Warehouse or production buildings, comprising:

A) f5.1 – industrial and laboratory spaces, buildings, and workshops used for production;

(in Ed. Federal, p. 117-ΧЗ, July 10, 2012)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

B) f5.2 – storage buildings, structures, unmaintained car parking lots, bookstores, archives, and warehouse spaces;

(in Ed. Federal, p. 117-ΧЗ, July 10, 2012)

(cm. Previous edition’s text)

C) Agricultural buildings (f5.3).

Federal Law No. 123-ЧΗ, "Technical regulation on fire safety requirements," enacted July 22, 2008

(As modified; applicable as of July 13, 2014)

After the text has been revised and expanded in accordance with federal laws:

From July 2, 2013, No. 185-ЧΗ, and June 23, 2014, No. 160-ЧΗ;

With portions of the text added and altered in compliance with Federal Law No. 117-ЧЗ of July 10, 2012)

Class confirmation

Using specialized equipment, the combustibility class is confirmed in both open areas and laboratories. At the same time, standard techniques are used, different for non -combustible and combustible building materials.

When a product that is being checked has multiple materials (or layers), each material that is part of the product (a layer) and is assigned to the product as a whole will be checked in accordance with the highest class of all. allocated to distinct product components.

Special requirements for the room are presented during the laboratory check: it must maintain room temperature and normal humidity; additionally, there must be no draft and no excessively bright natural or artificial light that would make it impossible to take readings from the displays. It is necessary to have the used device verified, calibrated, and warmed up beforehand.

In the first step, the sample is measured, kept at room temperature for two to three days, fixed in a specific furnace cavity, and recorders are added right away (a maximum of five seconds can pass).

After that, the sample is heated by turning on the stove. When the temperature is less than 2 °C for 10 minutes, heating is halted; this is known as "achievement of temperature balance."

After the sample has been removed from the furnace and allowed to cool in an exocikator, measurements and weighing are done.

Methods of increasing fire resistance

It is preferable to use non-combustible materials for the building’s walls, insulation, and roof during construction. Natural stone, brick, or concrete blocks will make the most durable walls. Perfect floors made of reinforced concrete. They must use high-quality, repeated processing by antipyrene compositions if they intend to use wooden elements for them.

There are various techniques to raise a building’s level of fire resistance, which can enhance its existing features.

• Survival of surfaces. This method is popular due to a small cost of work, a wide range of compositions. Minus – labor intensity, since to protect against fire, it is necessary to provide a rather thick layer consisting of several thin. In this case, each of them must finally dry.
• Brick decoration, concreting. This option makes it possible to most enhance vertical supporting structures. In the latter case, it is recommended to reinforce the concrete layer, its thickness is selected individually. This solution has one drawback: it is suitable for structures that allow additional load on the foundation.
• Facing with non -combustible slabs, sheets, installation of protective screens, anti -piren impregnation, painting, varnishing of wooden structures. Using special paints and varnishes – possible protection of metal structures.

The last, but certainly not the worst, choice for the most dependable building protection is to use multiple strategies at once. Since every structure is unique, there isn’t a single approach that works for everyone.

Building materials’ fire safety level in construction is indicated by their hazard class. Materials are categorized according to their role in the spread of fire and production of smoke. Architects, builders, and homeowners can select materials that adhere to safety codes and safeguard occupants in the event of a fire by having a thorough understanding of these classes. Materials with higher hazard classes burn hotter or emit more smoke, which affects where and how they are used for building facades. This classification guarantees that materials used in building construction prioritize safety without sacrificing requirements for functionality or aesthetics.

Combustibility, examples:

• NG – non -combustible. Brick, stone, construction solution;
• G1 – weakly combustible. Smoke temperature up to +135 ° C, immediately rotten outside the source of fire. Drywall, fiberglass, basalto-drive slabs;
• G2 – Moderate. Smoke temperature up to +235 ° C, rogues after no more than 30 seconds. Outside of the source of fire. Felt, oak, beech, lined with wood;
• G3 is normal -filad. Smoke temperature up to +450 ° C, goes out after no more than 300 seconds. Outside of the source of fire. Larch, spruce, pine, foam;
• G4 – strong -frayed. The smoke temperature is above +450 ° C, outside the fire source burns longer than 300 seconds. Asphalt, cardboard, polyethylene, bitumen paper.

It is essential to comprehend the hazard class of building materials in order to guarantee durability and safety in construction projects. Materials are categorized into Hazard Classes, which range from Class A (least combustible) to Class F (most combustible), according to their fire risk. This classification aids in the decision-making process for architects, builders, and homeowners regarding the best materials to use for various building components.

For example, Class A materials usually have a high fire resistance, such as steel and concrete. However, some materials, such as wood and some plastics, may be in lower classes and need to be carefully considered when used in areas that are prone to fires or when building components are important.

Building codes frequently require particular hazard classes depending on the use and location of the building. By encouraging the use of fire-resistant materials where necessary, adherence to these regulations promotes sustainable building practices in addition to improving safety.

Stakeholders can reduce the risk of fire, prolong the life of buildings, and improve the safety and resilience of the community as a whole by comprehending and abiding by hazard class guidelines. It emphasizes how crucial it is to choose materials carefully at every stage of the planning and building process.

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