Types of pile foundations: GOSTs, Classification of piles and types of grillages

"All about the Facades of the House" welcomes you! It is essential to comprehend a building’s foundation to guarantee its longevity and stability. In this piece, we examine the different kinds of pile foundations, going over the GOSTs’ guidelines, looking at pile classifications, and analyzing grillages.

To use construction speak, pile foundations are essential for shifting a structure’s weight to a more stable, deeper layer of rock or soil. A number of variables, including soil conditions, structural needs, and environmental considerations, influence the choice of pile foundation. In Russia, standardized guidelines known as GOSTs, or State Standards, guarantee consistency and dependability in construction practices.

Based on their structural role, installation technique, and material composition, piles can be categorized. Common materials include steel, concrete, and wood; each has advantages specific to the needs of the project. Additionally, piles can be classified as bored piles, which are created by excavating a hole and then filling it with concrete, or driven piles, which are erected by driving them into the ground.

Structural components known as grillages, or pile caps, transfer loads from several piles to the superstructure above. They are essential to maintaining the stability and uniform force distribution throughout the foundation system. There are several types of grillages that are made to fit different foundation layouts and load configurations, such as solid slab grillages and beam grillages.

Architects, engineers, and builders can enhance the structural integrity and longevity of buildings by making well-informed decisions based on their knowledge of the various pile classifications and grillages. This information guarantees that the foundation systems are customized to the unique conditions of the site, promoting safe and effective building techniques.

Pile foundation: types, advantages and disadvantages

Pile forms resembling rods or pillars make up the bulk of the foundation. The product section may be square or circular in shape. The supports are supported either strictly vertically or at an angle of inclination. The pile foundation device has very basic technology. The following variables influence the base design choice:

• type of piles and depth of their installation;
• soil structures;
• type of grillages and others.

The installation process is governed by SNiP 2.02.03-85. They are mostly employed in the construction of low-rise wooden, thyroid, and frame structures. Reinforced concrete piles are used to create the base of multi-story buildings. There are no basements in the homes constructed with pile technology.

Table 1 lists the benefits and drawbacks of a pile foundation.

Advantages	Flaws
The possibility of device on complex soils and mountain reliefs	A special technique is required to build the foundation
The installation of the foundation can be carried out in any weather	The pile foundation is not recommended for the construction of houses on horizontal-moving soils
Minimum sediment	Difficulties in the construction of basement floors
Economy and reliability	The impossibility of checking the installed piles for damage

Video – pros and cons of the pile foundation

Types of pile foundations

Different indicators are used to classify supports and the foundations constructed with their assistance. Pile classification is based on the kind of material used to create them:

• wooden;
• concrete and reinforced concrete;
• metal;
• Combined.

The designs that use a combination of supports are the most trustworthy. They last the longest in maintaining their main operational traits. Piles made of wood are the least durable and strong. Consists primarily of coniferous wood. Ferrous metal is used to make metal screw supports. Wooden and metal piles are given a special treatment on their surface before being installed in the ground.

There are loading loads that differentiate the piles:

1. Racks.Fully transmit the load of the structure of the structure.
2. Hanging piles. The load is transferred by side faces.

The foundations are separated into the following categories based on how the supports are submerged in the ground:

• clogging;
• Bruckword:
• screw;
• Buronabish;
• Combined.

Fascinating! Seismic loads up to seven points can be supported by pile foundations. Not just the factory-made supports are used for their device. Concrete is poured over buronabylivate rods at the base device location.

Cutting foundations

Multi-story buildings are constructed using cutting-edge technology. The rods made of reinforced concrete are used for the installation of their structures. With this technology, wooden and metal supports can be used in low-rise construction. They typically have a square section with sides that range in size from 150 to 500 mm. The typical support lengths fall between 3 and 25 meters. They have sharpened their lower end. This makes the process of driving piles into the ground much easier.

The supports have a head attached to their upper portion. When clogging products, he absorbs a hammer blow and keeps them from deforming. The soil’s characteristics and the building’s design will determine which piles are best. They are submerged in the soil until they come to rest in a layer of solid earth. This gives the structure its strength and prevents the building bases from "swimming."

The kind of pile design that is employed for the device determines the benefits and drawbacks of clogging foundations. Among those that are shared by all kinds of virtue supports are:

• high strength strength;
• lack of need for preliminary preparation of a construction site;
• the possibility of installation in the flooded territories.

The earth is compacted rather than loosened during the construction of a pile foundation. One of the primary drawbacks of clogged structures is:

• insufficient reliability when arranging on swelling and subsidence soils;
• Uneven shrink on soils with different density.

Brucking pile foundations

On soil free of solids and frozen in plastic, structures are constructed using technology. A temperature of at least 0.5 °C is required for base installation. The work’s technology enables the rods to be installed in wells that have already been drilled. Their diameter ought to be 50–100 mm larger than the pile section. Drilling in the soil is done with specialized equipment.

Crucial! At least 10 centimeters should separate the drill’s diameter from the support’s width. Connecting solutions are poured into the gaps in the Niyu after the rod has been installed in the well. They improve the structure’s stability.

Pile-screw foundations

On all kinds of soil, technology is employed in the construction of light and medium-sized buildings. In areas that flood regularly, there is no other option for building homes. The invention of screw bases for a variety of building types dates back to the 1800s. It is frequently utilized in the building of houses and berths on the water.

At any time of the year, screw technology construction can be undertaken. To install the structure, metal piles with varying numbers of blades are utilized. There is no need to bring in special equipment in order to submerge them in the ground. Hand-screwed into the ground are piles. The technology’s primary benefits are the foundation device’s low cost and quick installation.

Buronabish piles

On flimsy soils, buronabish technology is employed to build massive structures. There is no vibrational impact on the surrounding buildings when using this method to drive piles. In the region with a complex relief, objects with brownish technology can be constructed. The rules SP 50-102-2003 specify the requirements for these kinds of bases. When building a foundation, the following tools are used:

• Ski with a cavity for supplying concrete to the well.
• casing with a vibration loader.

Concrete is poured directly into the wells designated for the foundation’s piles. On hollow soils, technology can be used. The well is reinforced and its walls are strengthened by scattering earth inside of it before concrete is poured into it. The Buronabish pile base device is thought to have the most sophisticated technology.

Combined foundation

The base device is composed of slabs and piles. These kinds of foundations are built in compliance with the set of regulations 22.13330 on subsidence soils. The entire plate support on the ground is one of the structure’s distinguishing features. There is no contact between the grillage and the ground.

Classification of foundations by the nature of pile placement

The layout of the building that is being constructed dictates where the piles should be placed in the ground. Based on how they positioned the structure, they differentiate:

1. Single piles. Used in the construction of light agricultural buildings.
2. Pile bushes. Arrange for transmitting large vertical loads columns.
3. Continuous pile fields. The base is used to build tower -type buildings.
4. LEntentry pile foundations.Designed for supporting walls of buildings.

GOSTs for pile foundations

The Russian Federation has replaced GOSTs for pile foundations and screw piles with SNiP 2.02.03-85 and SNiP 24.13330.2011. GOST 19804-2012 is used in the industrial production of reinforced concrete piles.

In pile production, a number of standards are applied:

The specifications for product documentation consider the properties of the soils in which the products are designed to be used. The constructive features of the rifle piles that GOST produces are separated out. Products are arranged according to:

• the shape of the tip (open and hooked);
• form, width and number of blades;
• method of application.

Comprehending a house’s foundation is essential to its longevity and steadiness. This article examines several pile foundation configurations while adhering to GOST standards. It explores how piles are categorized according to the materials and construction techniques used, emphasizing the benefits and uses of each. The article also addresses different kinds of grillages that are used with pile foundations, showing how these structural components distribute loads and improve the stability of the foundation. Understanding these fundamental ideas is crucial for guaranteeing the longevity and security of any building, regardless of whether you’re creating a new construction or are just interested in structural engineering.

Types of grillages

Grillage is not required to be included in the design. It joins the base’s support, adding to the structure’s rigidity. Three primary categories of grillages exist:

1. High. Connecting elements are located above the surface of the earth at a distancefrom 15 cmand higher.
2. Increased. The grillage has flush with the surface of the earth or at a heightup to 10 cm.
3. Buried. Installation of the grillage is carried out below the level of the Earth"s surface.

Grillage is differentiated based on the assembly method:

1. Prefabricated. They are welded steel beams that use light buildings with a short service life during the construction.
2. Collective monolithic. Elements with "key" compounds. Used to connect the supports of the foundations of multi -storey buildings and industrial structures.
3. Monolithic. Are uniform designs that have the shape of a closed or unmarried tape. Used in the construction of residential low -rise buildings.

It becomes essential to follow recognized standards like GOSTs, which offer guidelines guaranteeing structural integrity and safety, in order to comprehend the various types of pile foundations. These guidelines specify a number of factors, including materials, load-bearing capacities, and pile dimensions, all of which are essential for choosing the right kind of foundation for a given site.

By classifying piles according to their installation technique and structural makeup, classification helps us understand piles even better. Driven piles, which are hammered into the ground, and bored piles, which are drilled and then filled with concrete, are the two types of piles. Depending on the load requirements, construction schedule, and soil conditions, each type has unique benefits.

The distribution of loads from the superstructure to the piles is greatly influenced by the types of grillages, or pile caps. In order to prevent uneven settlement and guarantee the stability of the entire foundation system, these concrete structures are made to make sure that the loads are distributed equally among the piles. Slab-beam, solid slab, and beam grillages are some of the various types of grillages that can be chosen depending on various factors like soil properties and load distribution requirements.

In the end, careful consideration of soil analysis, structural requirements, and adherence to national standards are necessary when choosing pile foundations and grillages. Engineers and architects can successfully design and build foundations that withstand the test of time, guaranteeing safety, durability, and structural stability for buildings and infrastructures, by understanding the subtleties of GOSTs, the classification of piles, and the types of grillages available.

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